Typically, humans start to become hypoxic (effects of altitude) at around 13,000 feet. The FAA requires pilots of unpressurized aricraft to have supplimental oxygen at 12,500 feet and higher.
Humans become hypoxic above 13,000' if they have not acclimatized. With proper acclimatization I believe they can carry on without getting hypoxic upto quite high altitudes. I personally have been upto 18,000' without becoming hypoxic, but I got to acclimatize at 15,000' overnight and did not stay overnight at 18,000' a little above
Khardung La. Just trecked up from Khardung La, walked about for a few hours and then came down. OTOH people who come up from
Manali at 6,400'' straight upto
Sarchu at 14,000' and try to overnight there often get quite sick. The Indian Army maintains a medical post with hyperbaric chambers to deal with this flow of tourists with hypoxia. I have overnighted at Sarchu on a memorable freezing night with howling winds coming down from
Baralach La Pass and a freezing drizzle falling, in the middle of summer of 2001, without any problem, since I had acclimatized at 12,000' before getting there.
I was mildly hypoxic when I traveled in a single day from
Khasa/Zhangmu on the Nepal Tibet border at 7,500' to
Tingri on the Tibetan Plateau at 14,000', on the way to Lhasa (Tibet) from Kathmandu (Nepal).
Beautiful view of Himalayas and Mt. Everest from the north from Tingri (Mt. Everest is about quarter of the way in from the left edge of the picture). During the day we crossed several passes upto 17,000' high.
I believe FAA also requires one of the pilots to have their oxygen mask on when the plane cruises above 40,000' even with the cabin properly pressurized, so that they are able to deal with a sudden de-pressurization situation adequately.
Also incidentally, flights that are not landing on the Tibetan Plateau are not allowed to overfly it because the average altitude is 12,000'+. This makes it impossible for the aircraft to descend to around 7,000' as required in case of depressurization.